| 5823091788 | why did Mendel work with peas? | they are available in many varieties, short generation time, large number of offspring, and mendel could strictly control mating between plants | | 0 |
| 5823091789 | character | a heritable feature that varies among individuals (flower color) | | 1 |
| 5823091790 | trait | each variant for a character (purple flower color) | | 2 |
| 5823091791 | how do pea plants usually mate? | self-pollination | | 3 |
| 5823091792 | how did mendel achieve cross pollination? | by removing immature stamens of a plant before they produced pollen and then dusted pollen from another plant on the altered flowers | | 4 |
| 5823091793 | true breeding plants | those that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollunate | | 5 |
| 5823091794 | hybridization | the crossing of two true breeding varieties | | 6 |
| 5823091795 | P generation | the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance | | 7 |
| 5823091796 | F1 generation | the first hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses | | 8 |
| 5823091797 | F2 generation | offspring resulting from allowing the F1 hybrids to self-pollunate | | 9 |
| 5823091798 | mendel's two fundamental principles of heredity | law of segregation and law of independent assortment | | 10 |
| 5823091799 | alleles | alternative versions of genes | | 11 |
| 5823091800 | what are the three mendelian concepts?: | 1. alleles account for variation in inherited characteristics 2.for each character, an organism gets two alleles one from each parent 3.the dominant allele determines an organisms appearance while the recessive has no effect | | 12 |
| 5823091801 | law of segregation | the two alleles in a pair separate into different gametes during gamete formation | | 13 |
| 5823091802 | law of segregation in chromosomes | the distribution of the two members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis | | 14 |
| 5823091803 | how are homozygous different from heterozygous? | unlike homozygous, heterozygous are not true breeding because they produce gametes with different alleles | | 15 |
| 5823091804 | testcross | breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote to reveal the genotype of that organism | | 16 |
| 5823091805 | monohybrids | individuals heterozygous for one character | | 17 |
| 5823091806 | dihybrids | individuals heterozygous for two characters | | 18 |
| 5823091807 | law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles assorts independently of each other pair during gamete formation | | 19 |
| 5823091808 | incomplete dominance | a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties (pink) | | 20 |
| 5823091809 | codominance | when the two alleles are both equally expressed in the phenotype | | 21 |
| 5823091810 | how is an allele dominant? | dominant and recessive alleles coexist but do not interact at all it is the pathway from genotype to phenotype that dominance and recessiveness come into play | | 22 |
| 5823091811 | Tay-Sachs disease | when the brain cells of a child cannot metabolize certain lipids because an enzyme doesn't work, accumulation of these lipids causes problems | | 23 |
| 5823091812 | pleiotropy | genes with multiple phenotypic effects | | 24 |
| 5823091813 | what are two situations where two or more genes are involved in determining a particular phenotype? | epistasis and polygenic inheritance | | 25 |
| 5823091814 | epistasis | a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus | | 26 |
| 5823091815 | polygenic inheritance | an effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character seen in quantitative characters or those that range | | 27 |
| 5823091817 | multifactorial | referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors | | 28 |
| 5823091818 | what does an allele that codes for a genetic disorder do? | it codes either for a malfunctioning protein or for no protein at all | | 29 |
| 5823091819 | what type of mating is more likely to result in offspring homozygous for a recessive trait? | people with recent common ancestors | | 30 |
| 5823091820 | cystic fibrosis | a recessive allele genetic disorder for a chloride channel protein, characterized by excessive mucus and vulnerability to infection | | 31 |
| 5823091821 | sickle cell disease | a recessive allele genetic disorder that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide that is part of a hemoglobin protein, characterized by deformed red blood cells with numerous symptoms | | 32 |
| 5823091822 | how do all lethal alleles arise? | mutation in cells that produce sperm or eggs |  | 33 |
| 5823091823 | huntingtons disease | a dominant allele genetic disorder, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system | | 34 |
| 5823091824 | some diseases are not simple mendelian disorders, rather... | multifactorial and the hereditary component is polygenic | | 35 |
| 5823091825 | amniocentesis | a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus | | 36 |
| 5823091826 | chorionic villus sampling | acquiring a tiny sample of tissue from the placenta which have the same genotype as the individual and can be karyotyped | | 37 |
| 5823091827 | what are imaging techniques used to see major anatomical abnormalities in a fetus? | ultrasound (sound waves to produce a fetus image) fetoscopy (a tube to transmit light is inserted into uterus) | | 38 |
| 5823091828 | Mendel's heritable factors | genes located on chromosomes | | 39 |
| 5823091829 | chromosome theory of inheritance | states that genes are located on specific spots on chromosomes and the chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment | | 40 |
| 5823091830 | What animal did Thomas Hunt Morgan choose to study and why? | the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster because they produce hundreds of offspring, their generation span is 2 weeks, they only have four pairs of chromosomes | | 41 |
| 5823091831 | wild type | phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations | | 42 |
| 5823091832 | mutant phenotypes | traits that are alternatives to the wild type | | 43 |
| 5823091833 | what did morgan's work support? | the chromosome theory of inheritance, specifically that a specific gene is carried on a specific chromosome | | 44 |
| 5823091834 | homologous regions on X and Y chromosomes | short segments at either end of the Y chromosome are the only regions that are homologous with corresponding regions of the X | | 45 |
| 5823091835 | egg and sperm containing chromosomes | egg= contains one X chromosome sperm= half contains an X and half contain a Y chromosome | | 46 |
| 5823091836 | sex-linked gene | a gene located on either sex chromosome | | 47 |
| 5823091837 | fathers can pass sex linked alleles to: mothers can pass sex linked alleles to: | :only daughters :sons or daughters | | 48 |
| 5823091838 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | a sex linked recessive genetic disease, characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue | | 49 |
| 5823091839 | Hemophilia | a sex linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting | | 50 |
| 5823091840 | why do females not make double the amount of proteins encoded by genes on the X chromosome than males do? | one X chromosome in each cell in females becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development | | 51 |
| 5823091841 | Barr body | the inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called this which lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope | | 52 |
| 5823091842 | linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses | | 53 |
| 5823091843 | genetic recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent | | 54 |
| 5823091844 | how do you conclude that genes are on the same chromosome? | a higher proportion of parental types than would be expected of independent assortment (more than 50%) | | 55 |
| 5823091845 | parental types | an offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes | | 56 |
| 5823091846 | recombinant types or recombinants | an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents | | 57 |
| 5823091847 | crossing over | accounts for the recombination of linked genes | | 58 |
| 5823091848 | genetic map | an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome | | 59 |
| 5823091849 | what did Sturtevant discover? | the farther apart two genes are on a chromosome the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency | | 60 |
| 5823091850 | linkage map | a genetic map based on recombination frequencies | | 61 |
| 5823091851 | map units/ centimorgans | the units Sturtevant used to express the distances between genes (equal to 1% recombination frequency) | | 62 |
| 5823091852 | cytogenetic map | locates genes with respect to chromosomal features | | 63 |
| 5823091853 | nondisjunction | when the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis 2, this results in one gamete receiving two of the same type of chromosomes and another receiving none | | 64 |
| 5823091854 | aneuploidy | a chromosomal abnormality in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number | | 65 |
| 5823091855 | monosomic | referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two | | 66 |
| 5823091856 | trisomic | referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two | | 67 |
| 5823091857 | polyploidy | a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets, it is the result of an accident of cell division | | 68 |
| 5823091858 | errors in meiosis or damaging agents such as radiation can cause breakage of a chromosome which can lead to what four types of changes in chromosome structure? | -deletion -duplication -inversion -translocation | | 69 |
| 5823091859 | deletion | occurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost thus the chromosome is missing genes | | 70 |
| 5823091860 | duplication | if a deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid or a nonsister chromatid carrying different alleles for certain genes | | 71 |
| 5823091861 | inversion | a chromosomal fragment may also reattach to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation | | 72 |
| 5823091862 | translocation | nonhomolgous chromosomes exchange fragments | | 73 |
| 5823091865 | syndrome | genetic disorders caused by aneuploidy that can be diagnosed before birth by fetal testing | | 74 |
| 5823091866 | Down syndrome | a human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects | | 75 |
| 5823091867 | nondisjunction of sex chromosomes produces a variety of aneuploid conditions: | -Klinefelter syndrome= extra x chromosome (male sex organs but female characteristics) -extra Y chromosome in males (taller than average) -extra X chromosome in females (normal in phenotype) -Turner syndrome=one x (phenotypically female but sex organs do not mature) | | 76 |
| 5823091868 | deletion in human chromosomes | cause severe problems such as cri du chat | | 77 |
| 5823091869 | translocations in human chromosomes | implicated certain cancers such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (translocation in white blood cells with the philadelphia chromosome) | | 78 |
| 5823091870 | genomic imprinting | when the expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent | | 79 |
| 5823091871 | how are the imprints transmitted to all the body cells after occurring during the formation of gametes? | during development so either the maternal or paternal allele of a given imprinted gene is expressed in every cell of that organism | | 80 |
| 5823091872 | in a given species, the imprinted genes.. | are always imprinted in the same way | | 81 |
| 5823091873 | what exactly is a genomic imprint? | a methyl group added to cytosine nucleotides of one of the alleles either silencing it or activating it | | 82 |
| 5823091874 | where are genes located? | -nuclear chromosomes -extranuclear or cytoplasmic genes in the mitochondria and chloroplasts | | 83 |
| 5823091875 | extranuclear or cytoplasmic genes | are not distributed to offspring according to the same rules that direct the distribution of nuclear chromosomes during meiosis (do not display mendelian inheritance) | | 84 |